Asthma in children: how to recognize and manage it?

1- What is asthma in children?

Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the lungs, causing the airways to become inflamed and narrowed, making breathing difficult. In children, asthma may present as recurring episodes of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Asthma can vary in intensity over time. Some children may experience mild symptoms, while others may have severe asthma attacks requiring urgent medical attention.

2- Symptoms of asthma in children

Asthma symptoms in children can vary, but the most common signs include:

• Persistent cough, especially at night or after physical activity.

• Wheezing (whistling sound) when breathing.

• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, especially after exercise.

• Chest tightness or the sensation of a "tight chest."

• Unusual fatigue during physical activities.

Some children may also experience asthma episodes following respiratory infections, such as a cold. If these symptoms are frequent or worsen, it is important to consult a pediatrician for a diagnosis.

3- Causes and triggers of asthma

Asthma often results from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The main triggers include:

• Genetic factors: A family history of asthma increases the child’s risk of developing the condition.

• Environmental triggers:

  • Allergens: Pollen, dust, animal dander, or mold can provoke asthma symptoms.

  • Air pollution: Exposure to smoke, chemicals, or pollution can worsen asthma.

  • Respiratory infections: Colds, flu, and other infections can trigger asthma episodes.

  • Physical activity: Exercise, especially in cold weather, can cause asthma symptoms in some children.

  • Emotional stress: Anxiety or stress can sometimes trigger asthma symptoms.

4- Diagnosing asthma in children

Asthma diagnosis involves a clinical evaluation by a pediatrician, including:

• Medical history: Questions about the child’s symptoms, frequency of episodes, and family history of asthma or allergies.

• Physical examination: Listening to the lungs for wheezing or breathing difficulties.

• Respiratory function tests (spirometry): Measuring the child’s lung capacity to evaluate respiratory performance.

5- Treatment of asthma in children

Asthma treatment focuses on symptom management to prevent attacks and ensure an active life. Treatment options include:

• Preventive medications:

  • Inhaled corticosteroids: Used daily to reduce airway inflammation and prevent symptoms.

  • Long-acting bronchodilators: Keep the airways open and are often combined with corticosteroids.

• Rescue medications:

  • Short-acting bronchodilators (e.g., Ventolin): Provide quick relief during an asthma attack by relaxing the airways.

  • Oral corticosteroids: Prescribed in severe cases to reduce inflammation rapidly.

• Other treatments:

  • Therapeutic education: Parents and children should learn to recognize early signs of an asthma attack and use inhalers correctly.

  • Asthma action plan: A personalized plan developed with the doctor to guide daily management and emergency response.

6- How to prevent asthma attacks in children?

Preventing asthma attacks requires managing triggers and adhering to treatment. Here are some practical tips:

• Avoid known allergens: Identify allergens that trigger symptoms (dust, pollen, pet hair) and reduce exposure.

• Maintain clean indoor air: Use air purifiers and avoid cigarette smoke or indoor pollution.

• Follow the daily treatment plan: Preventive medications should be taken regularly, even when the child is symptom-free.

• Monitor physical activity: Encourage exercise, but ensure the child uses a bronchodilator before exercise if needed.

7- When to see a doctor?

Consult a pediatrician if your child shows signs of asthma or if symptoms interfere with daily life. Seek urgent medical attention if:

• Your child has difficulty breathing, even after using a rescue inhaler.

• Your child’s lips or face turn blue (cyanosis).

• Your child becomes extremely tired or confused during an asthma episode.

Conclusion

Asthma in children is a chronic condition that requires consistent attention and regular medical follow-up. With proper management and care, children with asthma can live active, fulfilling lives. If you have concerns about your child’s asthma, schedule an appointment at the Centre Pédiatrique de Bonapriso for personalized care.